Strategies How Constructional Apparatus, And Equipment

Constructional Apparatus and Equipment: Small construction materials that link together, blocks of different sizes, logs, wooden balance beams, cardboard boxes, slides and climbing frames How these support play based learning: Children develop hand-eye co-ordination, gross and fine motor skills, spatial awareness, and mathematical concept of shape, space and measure Creative Resources and Materials: Paints, mark making materials, junk modelling material, crayons, pens, chalks, card, paper, glue, scissors, musical instruments How these support play based learning: Supports children to express feelings, use imagination, develop ideas and creativity. Promotes hand-eye co-ordination and decision making and aids colour recognition Malleable†¦show more content†¦This will motivate them and in return will build upon their confidence and self-esteem to continue to help them develop and grow. If children are not given positive encouragement and feedback they are likely to show lack of self-confidence and self-concept. It is possible that they will develop anxieties and insecurities relating to their own abilities and need constant re-assurance. This will cause lack of motivation and even attention seeking behaviour. All these factors will delay their rate of growth and development and also have a knock on effect on developing and forming strong relationships with both adults and their peers. Role Models: One of the most important aspects of teaching young children is for them to have good role models in adults. They need adults to set a good example and provide opportunities for interaction with others so that they can develop clear positive ideas about themselves and others. However, it is fundamental that before we can ask young children to empathise with others, early years practitioners need to understand children’s feelings and be able to see things from their point of view. We as practitioners play a key role in supporting, mentoring, and encouraging children to develop in positive ways. There are many

Social Networking Sites Are Beneficial Or Harmful

There is much controversy on whether or not social networking sites are beneficial or harmful to society. Sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram have become an important part in the everyday lives of many adolescents, teenagers and young adults. They have become such an important part of the lives of the younger crowd that older generations refer to them as â€Å"the wired generation† (Jacobsen, 2011). Many question whether or not this new â€Å"wired generation† is positive of negative. Different people have varying opinions on the ideas of using social networking sites. Some people who have positive opinions believe that they are beneficial because they give individuals the opportunity to stay in touch with family and friends and they have the option of meeting new people that they would not have been able to meet in person. Also they believe that they give college students the opportunity to network with other students and professors. On the other hand, people who have negative opinions on social networking sites believe that they are distracting and a waste of time for students. In addition, some believe that they do not produce good quality friendships. The pros and cons to using social networking sites are endless; it is up to the reader to decide whether or not these online forms of communication are beneficial or harmful to society. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes in 2004. They originally intended for it to be a college socialShow MoreRelatedOnline Media And Its Effects On Society Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pageslearning is to get along with others by socializing on these various online resources. Being able to communicate and respect individual differences is a significant skill that can be beneficial in the future. Teenagers can learn how to develop websites, create programs, or advertise properly. 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An Empirical Analysis for Jordanian Firms â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: An Empirical Analysis for Jordanian Firms? Answer: Introduction During the last couple of decades, the process of corporate governance gained aimmense attention from the researchers and from the entrepreneurs from all over the globe due to the downfall of the large industries like the Adelphi, Enron, Maxwell and Tyaco from various countries like England, USA and from other parts of the world. In order to answer the massive collapse, in the year 2002, after which the Sarbanes Oxley Act was introduced with an objective to develop the corporate governance technique providing all the investors are defended with the help of developing the corporate disclosures authenticity and precisions that are with respect to the securities law and purposes that can go even further. With respect to the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, accurate corporate governance consists of the norms and the processes that monitor and control the association among the shareholders related to the firms and the managers as well as the stakeholders like the creditors and the employees. It even contributes to the expansion and the financial balance by reinforcing integrity of the financial market, efficiency of the economy and gaining the market confidence (Aanuet al., 2014). However, there are investors, who are always on a look out for a company that has an effective corporate governance technique. With respect to this context, there have many analysts who have explained that a firm that possesses improved corporate governance excellencehas the ability to lift the investmentamount at a lower cost. Al MamunBadir (2014) suggested that 15% of the European investors have made a suggestion that investors look for corporate governance to be more significant than the issues of finance like the performance of the profit or the potential for growth. Markets that are growing play a significant position in the international economy, as they have an elevated development of economics along with expansion outlooks offered a striking opening for the stakeholders. Nevertheless, the stakeholders even faced risks that are mutifaceted in the growing markets and therefore are need of a better knowledge of the factors of firm level governance. The word emerging market was implemented in the year 1980 to differentiate the markets that were constructed lower than US, Japan and the Europe that were thought to be in the process of massive urbanization and growth.These markets were even thought to be very risky due to restricted foreign direct access, controls of currency, custody and lucidity. There are no doubts that the growing economies have domination all over the world with respect to the population size, geographic with respect to researches based on fianc, wealth is the focus in the countries that are developed. However, the rise in the markets is smooth along with the enhancement of dissimilarabnormal economy. The analysts have taken more attention towards the budding markets and in those that possess developed market. The procedure of impactful corporate governance is indispensable for the firms in an economy that is growing (Al-Aaliet al., 2014). Corporate governance is indispensable for reducing the vulnerability during the financial crisis, reinforcement of the property rights, and fall in the transactions costs along with reduction in the cost of capital and progress of the capital market. However, frameworks of corporate governance that are weak decrease the confidence of the investors and thereby discourage the foreign investments. Indeed, the level to which the corporate governance effects on the act of a firm is generally granted by the governments and the researchers. Alipour (2013) have explained that many of the experiential researches on the governance tools that are and the routine of the organizations has been achieved from the information from the countries like US and the UK, who have various resemblance in the institutions. This has led to the inconsistent and contradictory experimental proof. On the other hand, for the organizations that are present in the growing markets with the institutional structures that are distinguishing, very few data are accessible. The process of corporate governance within the growing marketplace has been in limelight by the researchers very recently. In this spirit, Al-Matariet al.,(2013) have made an argument that MENA regions has been one of the most developing markets that is accepted however there are room for further researches on various issues and channels. The literature Al-Matariet al., (2012) has argued that since developing countries have a structure that is different from each other, thus the corp orate governance for each country has to be evaluated unconnectedly. This quarrel is still in the process with Amba(2014) who have shown that the Arab World economies are structures, geographic locations and various types of institutions and governance. It is seen that economic development policiesamong the countries that manufacture oil such as United Arab EmiratesandSaudi Arabia and the countries like Tunisia and Jordan who do not manufacture oil. As a consequence, this paper makes an effort to bridge the gap that isseen in various literature pieces as this paperlaunches the relation among corporate governance techniques that are internal, namely, mass of audit committee, mass of board, quantity of memberswho are female availablewithin the board, CEO duality, sonata board and presentation in the production companies in Jordan. Jordan is considered as a better illustration forminorbudding market with countries with various non-manufacturing companiesdue to the various causes: 1) Jordan is in the 10 countries within theindices of the Emerging Markets Equityduring the time when it was established in the year 1988 2) Jordan was the first Arabian countries where the establishment ofcypher of corporate governance to the shareholding organizations occurring in 2007. 3)The mainsection of research was undertaken in launching the association among the corporate governance tools and presentation of organizations with respect to a huge developing market, e.g., Taiwan,, Pakistan, India, Russia, Thailand and Malaysia, Malaysia (YusoffAlhaji, 2012).There were other researches that were undertaken in the Arabian oil-producing countries context, there were only two empirical researches that were undertaken in Jordan. The first is Bart McQueen (2016); and this research did not concentrate on techniques of corporate governance likearrangement of ownership, duality of the CEO, compensation of the board, board size, board subcommittees, etc. The next research was made by TomarBino (2012) concentrated on financial organizations, especially the banks of Jordan. 4) The World Bank claims Jordan to be a country with an income group of upper middle. The Heritage Foundation established an Economic Freedom Index with respect to which Jordan provides the 4thfreest economy in the North African and Middle East region and globally Jordan is the 39th freest economic environment (The Heritage Foundation, 2014). In the year 2014 Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), revealed that the country is positioned 64th of the 144 countries and has been positioned as the 42ndbestcreations in the world. Jordan was graded 42nd in the year 2013 by the Global Retail Development Index, that constructs a list of all the retail market globally that are mostly popular. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development Corporate Governance and Performance of the Firm The works of Berle and Means 1932, there have been development of different theories on corporate governance concentrating its significance and nature, like stewardship theory, agency theory and theory of the stakeholders, outof which agency theory has gained themostcredit (Fanta et al., 2013). Agency theory recommends prospective behavior, which is, the goal of managers to maximizetheir individual anticipated attentions and they containadequate suppliesto do the same. Tornyeva Wereko (2012) explained that the stakeholders have money to spend, but due to certain limitations, like lack of expertise to control the investment, they recruit managers to do same to gain their profit.Therefore, a conflict arises among the managers and the stakeholders due to existence of common interest (Chaghadari, 2011). It is seen that one of the most hypothetical standards that explain the corporate governance challenges is the conjecture of agency established by those results from the division of contr ol and ownership (Kawira 2012). According to Tornyeva Wereko (2012), the definition of supposition of agency focuses on resolving and analyzing the issues that take place in the association among the owner and the management. Accordingly, agency theory recommends to the fact that introducinga suitable governance frameworkwiththe adoption of tools of corporate governance mightlead to a fall in the disagreements with the help ofevaluating the performance of managers and coating up the objectives of the stakeholders objectives with the compliant of the management (Waweru, 2014). There are different corporate governance definitions that have been recommended in present literature review Basilicoet al., (2014) in their paper recommended the description of corporate governance to be like aprocess in which financial contractors to thefirms guarantee their own of earning a return on investment. Bouaziz (2012) made an argument ascorporate governance are the standards, ruleshelping in describing the affiliation between stakeholders and management of the companythat are related with an organization like the bondholders, suppliers, lenders, consumers, shareholders, employees, and creditors. The vast explanation of the governance is described with the help of the reports of Dallas (2012). With respect to their definition corporate governance acts as the process of regulations, institutions, laws, policies, markets, contracts and procedures; and such processes are inclusive of the policy manuals, budgets, and internal control system, which directly have an impact on th e deeds of the management in the company at the top level. As discussed by the OECD (2004): corporate governance is considered as a position with respect to the dealings among the management of a firm, its shareholders, stakeholders and its board. Corporate governance even aids the structure through which the aims of a firm are constructed, and the process of gaining these goals and supervising the performance are generated. An accuratecorporate governance requires tooffergood remunerationsto the management and the boardfor following the goals that are in relation to the interests of the firms and stakeholders and should smooth the progress ofeffectualsupervision, that results to the capital cost getting reduced and companies gets motivated to utilize the resources more professionally, as a result laying the keystone for growth (Danget al., 2013). It is seen that, Yusoff Alhaji (2012) explained that requirements for effectivesupremacy is highlighted in the the standards and the transformations constructed at the country structure but even in the international level like (for example Code of OECD, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in USA, and the Combined Code in UK). As a whole, every explanations stressed on the importance of corporate governance individually are for those who control and those who own the business (Dickson 2013). Furthermore, the universal wellbeing of the society is uplifted by proper corporate governance: therefore, are of an attention to the stakeholders. This section where (Hassan Halbouni, 2013) argue that well-monitored companies improve the organizational performance in both emerging and developed markets. This is inclusive of the resources assigned in a proper way, with enhanced investments sets, decreased capital cost, increased financial presentation, like higher investment on return, volatility price of sha re reduction, increased revenue and developed value additional economics. Nonetheless, a general view are the corporate governance techniques that completely has an effect on the functions of a company (Katragadda, 2013), but there are no agreement about this statement, because previous researches revealed discrepancies among the outcomes in both emerging and developed markets. For example, earlier researches e.g. Tornyeva Wereko, (2012) have published positive relationships betweenthe technique of performance of organizations and corporate governance. There have been few other researches e.g.,Onakoyaet al.,(2012) that have showed a relationship that is negative. On the other hand, different papers could not discover any relationship among the two variables (e.g., Lamportet al., 2012). Performance of the Firm and Board Size The boards of directors participate to an important role as observing and checking the roles and functions of the managers with respect to the problems related to the agencies are important for proper functioning of an organization (Nyamongo Temesgen, 2013).The empirical signal reveals that directors participate fora vital position in the management of an organization and activities associated with it. However, no agreement is discovered with respect to the size of the board or to discover which board size is better: namely larger or smaller (Husseiny 2012). However, the literature review has given two various opinions with respect to the type of relationship discovered between the dimension of board and act of the organization. The initial and vastly trustedoutlook is that a restricted board dimension enhances the act of the firm (Nyamongo Temesgen, 2013). It is suggested by Gama, Rodrigues (2013) that the paper in consideration develops the performance of a firm by finding out th e suitable volume of board ranges among seven to nine people. This certifies improved accountability and coordination thereby reducing the problems that are riding freely, and enables swifter decision process (Tornyeva Wereko, 2012).With respect to Gill Obradovich(2013), organizations with a board size massive tends to be less efficient. Therefore, it is good to contain a small board size aslarge boards may be unfertile and in that case the board chairman may dominate (Horvth Spirollari 2012). Various empirical researches aid this opinion, in both emerging and developed markets, which showed that board size and performance of firm are associated negatively (e.g., VoPhan, 2013). The second opinion reveals that the bigger boards may be profitable for some companies in various ways, by provided that different kinds of people, that helps in decreasing uncertainties regarding the environment and ensuring serious resources (Kawira 2012). A differentiated series of expertise were discov ered in larger boards, which helps in supervising the actions of the management effectively (Waweru2014). Kalezi? (2012) was against the opinion that huge boards decrease the agency costs that is an effect of the low performance of the management and this leads in attaining upgraded financial outcomes. The following hypothesis is examined, with respect to the discussion that has been undertaken above: Relation among the board size and the performance of the organization is negative. CEODuality This process has been established based on the agency perspective and the responsibilities of the CEO should be segregated from that of the roles of the Chairman, which is a vital process of internal governance. It is seen that in time of no disintegration; a condition named as duality of CEO arises, due to increased problems with respect to the agency, as the CEO will distribute commands to the employees who are accountable for analyzing and checking their performance (Kowalewski 2012). It is seen that by relying on the theory of agency, there exists a differentiation that can support the decrease in the dominance of the management above the board and reinforce the board, that helps them to supervise over the administration efficiently (Hassan Halbouni, 2013).Therefore, it is suggested with the help of the theory of agency that CEO duality and both the organizations performance and development of the organizational value are related negatively (Krafftet al., 2014). Conversely, the e mpirical researches provide a result that is mixed with respect to this issue of duality of CEO and its relation with the performance of an organization. For instance, various researches like Kumar (2012) reveal a relationship that is positive. There are various other papers (e.g., Chaghadari, 2011) that have shown a relationship that is negative. Researches undertaken by Nyamongo Temesgen (2013) did not reveal any relationship. The hypothesis is examined below, with respect to the theories discussed above: The connection between duality of CEO and enactment of organizations are negative. Audit Committee Size and Its Association with the Performance of Firm The audit committee volume is seen to be a vital technique with respect to the corporate governance. With respect to Al-Matariet al., (2012), a committee for audit is a group of peopleanswerableforsupervising financial broadcastings and announcementin theorganization.The main aim of the audit committee requiresreviewing theevidence of financegiven to the stakeholders and shareholders, the process of internal control, which the directors of the board and the managementdidrecognize, within the process of audit (Lamportet al.,2012). Consequently, the committee of audit plays a significant function in the trustworthiness of financial data created by the organization and to escalate confidence of the public in the declarations with respect to finance (Tornyeva Wereko, 2012). The theories reveal for Lckerath-Rovers (2013) and Anderson, Mishra Mohanty (2014), that with a massive committee of audit and as the figures of members rise, more specialists are obtainable to supervise over the int ernal controls of the accounting and financial mechanisms, providing better clearness to shareholders and the creditors, definitelyhaving an impact on the financial performance of organization (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2004).Even though, pragmaticresearches, in association to the size of the committee of audit and acting relationship of the organization, have revealed combined outcomes there are issues. With respect to this spirit, an optimistic affiliation is shown in various experimental researches, e.g., the Ghana insurance industry (Tornyeva Wereko, 2012); organizations in Kuwait (Al-Matari et al., 2012); organizations from various parts of Africa, South Africa to be exact, and in countries like Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya (Nadal 2013). Other papersrevealed a pessimistic relationship, example Italian banking groups (Romanoetet al., 2012). The theory that has been discussed is useful in framing a proper hypothesis. The association among the volume of the audit committee and the organizational routine is unhelpful. Board Composition The relation with respect to the non-executive directors who are self-governing within the board who does not have any association, for determining the inspection of the administration is mentioned to by the board arrangement technique (Najjar 2013). The huge numerals of external directors arepresent with the resolution of determining that the executives are accountable to the shareholders, who wants toimprove theact, to gain controlon the managers who are self-dependent and to lessen anydeceptionrelated to finance and defend the shareholders attention (Waweru, 2014). In this kernel, it is even contended that the proportion of the external directors within the board has a brunt on the presentation of organization (Onakoyaet al., 2012). Furthermore, Romano et al., (2012) explained that actual nursing by external directors who are not executives results to developed recital of the company. The assumption of agency explains that more operative observing is done by external directors wit h respect to the actions of the management as they are not associated with the managers of the company. Nonetheless, the previous researches that have been undertaken in order to discover what connotation is there among the board composition and performance of the organization provides conclusions that are mixed. For example, some researches like the Romano, Guerrini (2012), described a relationship that is negative. Various other papers (e.g., Tomar Bino, 2012) recognized that the there exists a positive and there has been no relationshipthat have been discovered by various other researches (e.g. Sorour 2014). The hypothesis testing is undertaken by looking at the theory. A connection among the board composition and the routine of firm is positive. Performance of Firm and Female Board Members The corporate boards having female member reveals gender diversity within the organization and reproduces features that are differentiated from the board, which is regarded as a mechanism that develops the variation of the committee of a firm (The Heritage Foundation, 2014). This diversity enables the evaluation and development of explanations to the compounded issues, because it comprises of a variety of knowledge base (Tornyeva Wereko, 2012). However, this diversity will provide companies with external resources that are more valuable (Virtanen, 2012). It is seen that women possessvitalpotentials, which isrequired for proper governance, as women are usuallyscrupulous, dressed during the process of decision-making that ispolished in finance and accounting and hazard opposing (Azmi Barrett, 2013). It is detected by Vo Phan (2013) that an exclusive set of information is spawned by diversification of the gender within the board and leads toimproved corporate governance. Virtanen (20 12) is with the confidence that women being a part of the boards, there are scarcer issues related to attendance; added vigorous checking and they revealed more energetic involvement and utilized more power in comparison to their male colleagues. Waweru (2014) explain that there are three motives for the significance of females in a board of a firm. Initially, board directors who are female are capable to gain knowledge about the marketplace more precisely than the boards of directors who are male, which resulted to enhanced acquaintance and provide decisions that, are of superior quality. Secondly, if the board has better variations in the gender would be respectable for the communal reputation of the organization and this will result to enhanced act of the firm. Thirdly,the female board members are recruitedforspecific positions for executives, this will have a positive impact on the ecological consciousness among the members of the board. The paper written by Bart and McQueen (20 13) suggests that female board members suggestively are healthier than the male with respect to the process of decision-making due to their compounded ethical reasoning capabilities. It is eveneven auxiliary that Complex Moral Reasoning includes considering and acknowledging the rights of others who are insearch of justice by using social collaboration and agreement construction method, which is steadily smeared in a non-subjective style (Bouaziz, 2012). The melodramatic significance of the highlighted one deliberates the functions of the directors are exclusive to undertake judgments and more exactly, to aid the panel to undertake results. There is hypothetical arrangement between the scholars, which supports females in the board that underwrites for enhanced performance of the firm (Dang et al.,, 2013). Nevertheless, with respect to the diversification of gender in the panel members and the recital of company the outcome given by pragmatic researches are unpredictable. The other papers reveal there are no connection amid the female board percentage and theroutine of the company, e.g., Germany (Rose et al., 2013). However, various papers even reveal undesirable affiliation. For instance, the firms that are non-financial of Norway were examined by Yasser (2012); the outcome was that gender assortment in panel members and act of the organization is knowingly negatively associated. A paper by Yurtoglu (2012), on the same perspective on firms in USA, also revealed that fraction of females within thepanel and enactment of the organization are harmfully linked. The theory is examined by looking at the discussions from above: The connection among the quantity of feminine associates on board and presentation of organizations is optimistic. Dependent Variable (Presentation of the firm) The variables that are dependent taken for the study is the enactment of an organization and the computation are prepared making use of the return on assets and Q Ratio of Tobin. There were two actions that were used for the determination of the past literatures. Accounting that are based on the ability of the asset of the firm of obtaining profits is the ROA and is considered to be a consistent ratio of profitability (Hussin Othman, 2012). A measure that is based on the market, Q Ratio prepared by Tobin provides a decent estimate for valuing of the assets that areintangible, for example goodwill, quality assurance managers, development and market controland opportunities. Control Variables The study of Yusoff Alhaji (2012) reveals that firms with larger scope, in common, can have extra human resources and finance, which allows to efficiently introducing high-degree of corporate governance tools. Companies that have a huge size have expanded competences, with greater ability to crop internal funds, that leads to economies of scale and have a wider possibility, and act of the company is absolutely effected. The papers of Waweru (2014) revealed that among the financial performance and the size of the firm a relationship is existent and the corporate governance quality is definitely affected. There are various experimental researches, like Sheikh et al., (2013) that stated thatfirm size and financial presentation are associated completely. Nevertheless, conflicting to the paper of Sorour (2012) testified a connection amid them that is negative. Leverage As the debt of a firm has an impact on the financial performance, it becomes essential to utilize leverage as a tool for variable control (Al-Matari et al., 2012). With respect to Sheikh et al., (2013), a vital motive for the acceptance of corporate governance process for firms with high quality, is they require exterior investing. Undertaking cash advance so as to capitalize in securities and funds, irrespective of it shareholders donate is the leverage. Positive connection was discovered by Rose et al. (2013) among corporate governance quality and leverage. Nevertheless, conflicting to the fact, Al-Matari et al., (2012) recognized that routine of the company and leverage are unenthusiastically connected each other. Methodology Sample With the idea to examine the corporate governancetechniques, it has an impact on the enactment of the organization, it is an aim that has to be discovered in this paper. With the purpose of achieving this, the manufacturing companies of Jordan who are a portion of the Amman Stock Exchangetherefore, it was chosen for the analysisof the sample (Amba, 2014).. It is owing to thisevidence that were missing and the inadequate numbers, it is necessary to undertake the research with 66 companies and 69 firms, which is 95.6% of the manufacturing companies of Jordan and these firms were taken for analysis in the study. The financial statements as well as the annual reports were constructed every year by every firm that was utilized to gather the data for the analysis of the paper. The period that is taken is for five years ranging from 2008 to 2012. Therefore, the data was undertaken for 66 manufacturing organizations for the period of five years that accounted to 330 observations. The firms r elated to the sample are associated to eleven industries that include industries from the paper and cartons, chemical, pharmaceutical, tobacco and cigarettes electrical, mining and extraction, printing and packaging, construction and engineering, leather industryglass and ceramics and food and beverages. The table 1 below reveals the frequency statistics of duality of the CEO and Table 2 reveals the audit committee, external board members and the means of the board size. It is essential to make to notify that only four females are shown in the board of the directors in the sample of analysis. Statistical Analysis With the purpose of examining thehypotheses of the research that were constructed in the section above, technique of analysis of regression was implemented. The analysis of regression tool is a significant statistical method that is useful for approximating the associations among the numerous autonomous or forecaster variables that includes share of the feminine members of board, configuration of the board, dimension of audit committee, volume of the board and duality of CEO and a reliant on or standard capricious that includes presentation of an organization, which was designed making use of Q-Ratio and ROA, due to determination of scrutiny of regression known as the control variables of control presented properly. These measurements of the variables will be shown in the next section. Measurement and Variables In this research paper, the variables that are independent are the scopes of the corporate governance. The variable is inclusive of thesize of the board, size of audit committee, feminine associate on panel proportions, and dualityof CEO and arrangement of the panel (TomarBino 2012). The Board magnitude is the overall quantity of associates within the panel. The external director within the board and the overall board directors of companies is the composition of the boards. The female contribution in the board is the feminine associates within the board alienated by the overall board affiliates (Al MamunBadir, 2014). The mass of audit committee is the sum amount of associates who are available in the group of the audit (Bouaziz, 2012). A mannequin changeable is constructed to show the CEO duality, the value of it is 1, and it is seen that the board chairman and CEO are the same, and the value is 0. Tobin-Q computation is undertakenby separating marketworth of the company by additiona l value of the asset of the firm (Gama Rodrigues, 2013). Research Findings By looking at the evaluation of the data, the correlation table is given in the Table 3. The table reveals the relation between the independent variables and dependent ones. In particular, company size reveals a positive r= 0.321 and an essential p= 0.009 and a correlation along with Q ratio and a positive r= 0.258 and a significant p= 0.037 and a correlation with respect to the Return on Asset. The other control variables and leverage has essential correlations with Return on Asset p= 0.041 and r=0.198. The table 4 reveals the results regression with respect to the performance of the organization board size. By looking at the results it is seen that H1 hypothesis is granted with this aspect The analysis of table 5 reveals that H1 hypothesis has been rejected. Table 5: Regression analysis in association to the Q- Ratio With regards to the evaluation of Table 6, it is seen that Hypothesis H2 is accepted with this aspect The analysis of Table 7 provides results that shows that hypothesis H2 will be rejected with respect to the calculation The evaluation of the numerical in Table 8 demonstrates that audit committee size has a direct relationship with the Return on Assets and thus the hypothesis H2 will be rejected. The analysis of table 9 reveals the relation between the performance of the organization and the audit committee size. The evaluation shows that hypothesis H3 will be rejected. Table 9: Consequences of regression carried out for the routine of the company (Tobins Q) on audit committee size and variables that are controllable Table 10 evaluation shows that regression results of Return on Assets and fraction of directors who are non-executive have a direct and positive relationship. Therefore, it is seen that H4 hypothesis is granted within the aspect. The evaluation of the table 11 shows the relationship flanked by the routine of the company with the proportion of the directors who are non-executive by evaluating the Tobins Q ratio and it is seen that hypothesis H4 will be disregarded. Discussion The paper concentrates on finding out the connection between various significant techniques that looks at thepresentation of the firm corporate governance and the. There are a few new proofs that have been discovered from the study with the help of the conclusions of the analysis. The research shows that the larger organizations have additional human resources and finances that lead to increased funds internally and greater capability varieties with more diversification. The paper reveals with respect to the various tables that are discussed in the findings it is seen that duality of CEO and ROI is found to be negative. The performance of the firm with respect to the proportion of females in the panel of directors has anundesirable effect when calculated with the Tobins Q. Without using the Tobins Q, it is discovered, there is aoptimisticinfluence on the enactment of the organization with respect to proportion of the females in the panel. Therefore, it can be said that empirical anal ysis of the manufacturing firms Jordan reveals that small firms can raise lower internal funds with respect to the larger firms. Conclusion The conclusion of the paper reveals that the female members in the panel of directors are lower with admiration to the male members in the composition in the board of directors. It is even seen that the results that have been developed may not be adequate to bring out the adequate results for the problem. There are various restrictions in the research like the industries mightbe incapable to simplify the consequences with respect to the additionalsurroundings of the industry that are inclusive of the service and the financial institutions. Future results can be done to find better outcome of the paper. The findings of the analysis show that various recommendations can be undertaken so that better results can be attained that might bring out results Reference List Aanu,O.,Odianonsen,I.,Foyeke,O.(2014).Effectivenessofauditcommitteeandfirmfinancialperformancein Nigeria: an empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting and Auditing: Research and Practice. https://dx.doi.org/10.5171/2014.301176 Al Mamun, S., Badir, Y. (2014). Convergence of corporate governance in Malaysia and Thailand. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 4(1), 2-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAEE-08-2011-0027 Al-Aali, A., Chang, K, HassabElnaby, H. (2014). 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The impact of corporate governance on the insurance firms performance in Bahrain", International Journal of Learning and Development, 2(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i2.1412 Onakoya, A., Ofoegbu, D., Fasanya, I. (2012). Corporate governance and bank performance: apooled study of selected banks in N?geria. European Scientific Journal, 8(28), 155-164. Romano,G.,Guerrini,A.(2012).CorporategovernanceandaccountingenforcementactionsinItaly.Managerial Auditing Journal, 27(7), 622-638.https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901211246778 Romano,G.,Ferretti,P.,Rigolini,A.(2012).CorporategovernanceandperformanceinItalianbankinggroups. Paper presented at International Conference of Corporate Governance and Regulation: Outlining New Horizons for Theory and Practice, 19 September 2012, Pisa, Italy. Retrieved from https://www.virtusinterpress.org/IMG/pdf/ Rose, C., Munch-Madsen, P., Funce, M. (2013). Does board diversity really matter? Gender does not, but citizenship does. Int. 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Corporate governance and firm performance: empirical evidence from Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.murdoch.edu.au/School-of-Management-and-Governance/_document/e.pdf Waweru, N. (2014). Factors influencing quality corporate governance in Sub Saharan Africa: an empirical study.Corporate Governance, 14(4), 555-574. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2013-0024 World Bank. (2014). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/jordan WorldEconomicForum.(2014).GlobalCompetitivenessReport2014-2015.Retrievedfrom https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015 Yasser, Q. (2012). Effects of female directors on firms performance in Pakistan. Modern Economy, 3(7), 817-825. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.37104 Yurtoglu, B. (2012). How does CG affect form value in emerging markets? Evidence on channels. Paper presented at International Conference HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, 11-12 June, Leipzig, Germany. 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Thinking About Bill, Dead of Aids by Miller Williams free essay sample

â€Å"Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS,† by Miller Williams is a poem written as an elegy to Bill, and all other victims of the AIDS epidemic. In this poem the narrator is speaking about his friend dying of AIDS. Instead of speaking of just his emotions towards his friend dying, the narrator uses words such as â€Å"we† and â€Å"us,† speaking of many people feeling sorrow. Millers poem personifies the national mood in the form of a poem about, and more appropriately to, Bill, a presumed friend who has died of AIDS. In this poem Mr. Miller addresses straight on the ignorance people had about the cause and effect of the AIDS disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking About Bill, Dead of Aids by Miller Williams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It discusses the emotions of trying to overcome ones fear of the likelihood of being infected by interacting with the diseased and to be with them in their painful times. It addresses the difficulties in doing this due to the fact that our society has made it impossible to understand the suffering and pain that Bill is enduring by painting an ignorant picture of the AIDS disease. The poem is set on the time presumably in the 1980s when little was known about the virus which caused AIDS. All that truly known was AIDS was deadly and there was no cure. As such, people who were infected with the disease were often treated with hatred and outcast from the society. The unfortunate result was many of these people died alone and in poverty, the opposite of how society typically treats its sick and dying. This poem highlights the questions and fears that dominated society during this time of the AIDS era.

Free Essays on The Blank Pages

Throughout the texts that have been read, southern white women have been portrayed in a number of different lights. Although the manners in which these women are described aren’t the same, the end result hasn’t changed. The southern white woman has been expected to display numerous personality traits, some of which she embodied naturally, and others that were just societal constructions. Initially, these women just accepted the conflicting expectations thrust upon them. But as time went on and they realized that they did not have to live these contradictions, the southern white woman began to construct her own personality, discarding any expectations she did not see fit to exemplify. This essay will address the evolution of the southern white woman in context to her relationship to African Americans. More specifically, she is a woman who has had inconsistent personality traits forced on her. This conflict of character was pivotal in her relationship to blacks because it is the source of her eventual acceptance of the people. When they realized that their relationship to black was shaped by the hypocritical opinions of white males, they were able to reject them and form opinions of their own. â€Å"Like a blank page, the Confederate Woman is an unfilled space, ‘pure’ so that the ideology of the plantation South may be inscribed on her: she is represented as being what men are not and what blacks are not - soul, not flesh† (Roberts, pg. 2). This view of the southern white woman has resonated in just about every text we have read and it encompasses every description that has been given to her. The first part of this quote should be most troubling. Calling her a blank slate reduces her to a being who is unable to produce her own thought; making her primed and ready to accept any roles or beliefs that are to be given to her. Also, it is just plain insulting. Children have often been equated to blank slates. Because of their lack of ... Free Essays on The Blank Pages Free Essays on The Blank Pages Throughout the texts that have been read, southern white women have been portrayed in a number of different lights. Although the manners in which these women are described aren’t the same, the end result hasn’t changed. The southern white woman has been expected to display numerous personality traits, some of which she embodied naturally, and others that were just societal constructions. Initially, these women just accepted the conflicting expectations thrust upon them. But as time went on and they realized that they did not have to live these contradictions, the southern white woman began to construct her own personality, discarding any expectations she did not see fit to exemplify. This essay will address the evolution of the southern white woman in context to her relationship to African Americans. More specifically, she is a woman who has had inconsistent personality traits forced on her. This conflict of character was pivotal in her relationship to blacks because it is the source of her eventual acceptance of the people. When they realized that their relationship to black was shaped by the hypocritical opinions of white males, they were able to reject them and form opinions of their own. â€Å"Like a blank page, the Confederate Woman is an unfilled space, ‘pure’ so that the ideology of the plantation South may be inscribed on her: she is represented as being what men are not and what blacks are not - soul, not flesh† (Roberts, pg. 2). This view of the southern white woman has resonated in just about every text we have read and it encompasses every description that has been given to her. The first part of this quote should be most troubling. Calling her a blank slate reduces her to a being who is unable to produce her own thought; making her primed and ready to accept any roles or beliefs that are to be given to her. Also, it is just plain insulting. Children have often been equated to blank slates. Because of their lack of ...

The Best Thing to Do for Your Writing

The Best Thing to Do for Your Writing I saw this in a recent blog post, and when I eagerly delved into the piece, it instead listed items without weight to the suggestions. The blogger interviewed several authors and asked them what they considered to be the single most important item to do to improve your writing. I didnt see mine, and the others said things like pick the right POV, work on dialogue, take an acting class, respect plot. . . which might as well have been just an outline for a writing class. Of course what you take to heart as the most important thing might depend on what your strengths and weaknesses are, but to me, theres only one thing that encompasses novice and seasoned writers. Read and study good, published writing. Whats good? Well, that can be interpreted in several ways, but all must be contingent upon what you want for your own writing. 1) Do you want to sell books? Then read successful books that sold thousands of copies. 2) Do you want to write fantastic mysteries with great twists? Then read mysteries noted for such. 3) Do you want pulse-pounding romance that doesnt sound trite? Then seek strong romance writers. 4) Do you wish to complicate your plot? Find complicated plots. 5) Do you want dialogue that dances on the page and requires no tags to identify the characters? You know what to do. In other words, follow the masters. Some may say that means only bestsellers. Some say that neglects a lot of indie material. Nope. . . it doesnt, on both counts. Regardless of how its published, a book is good or it isnt. Sure, theres opinion laced in there, but when the majority of a books readers love it, and the reviews say why, then you have your markers, and who printed it doesnt matter. What about those books that arent known? Then my suggestion to the authors is to get them known. Is your writing truly remarkable? Then work on distribution and reviews. Do articles, interviews, and speaking engagements to demonstrate your abilities. Is it easy? Hell no. Its not supposed to be. It cant be. Good writing, and the good writer behind that writing, has to fight to be recognized. Whether thats going traditional and fighting to be embraced But I stand my mantra that the best way to improve your writing is to read good books. . . books that make you wish youd written them.

What were the significant issues of American foreign policy under Essay

What were the significant issues of American foreign policy under President Theodore Roosevelt Explain - Essay Example This policy of non-intervention continued until the end of the nineteenth century, when a call for America to pursue a more proactive role in world affairs, in keeping with her position as a great power, began to gain popularity. Its chief adherents were in the Republican Party, and consisted of Theodore Roosevelt, Admiral Alfred Mahan, John Hay and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who advocated America’s adoption of â€Å"the large policy† committed to the expansion of U.S. influence and territory overseas (Raico, 1995). President Theodore Roosevelt may be considered the chief architect of America’s new foreign policy of active intervention in global affairs. Theodore Roosevelt was born on 27 October, 1858, in New York City. He graduated from Harvard and went on to study Law at Columbia University, dropping out in pursuit of interest in politics, and winning a seat in the New York Assembly in 1882. He subsequently served as Civil Service Commissioner, President of the New York City Police Board and Assistant Secretary of the Navy. As the commandant of the ‘Rough Riders’ regiment, he was a hero in the Spanish-American War. He became the Governor of New York State in 1898 and then the Vice-President under President McKinley in 1900. On McKinley’s assassination in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the President of the United States and remained in that office until 1909. Roosevelt extended the influence and stature of the executive, introduced conservation and progressive reforms through welfare measures, government regulation of big business and his ‘Square Deal’ approach to domestic economy and social justic e. Roosevelt died on 6 January, 1919. (Miller Center of Public Affairs website). President Theodore Roosevelt embarked on an aggressive foreign policy geared to make America the most influential force in global affairs. In keeping with his diplomatic motto to â€Å"speak softly

Antitrust and Regulation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Antitrust and Regulation - Term Paper Example The law is premised on the belief that free trade benefits the economy, businesses and the consumers by forbidding various restrains of trade and monopolization. It falls under four areas namely agreement between competitors, contractual arrangements between sellers and buyers the pursuit or maintenance of monopoly power and mergers (Wilberforce, 98). The law of competition can be dated two centuries ago, the medieval monarchs and the Roman Empire used tariff systems to control prices and support local production. The formal study of competition can be dated in the 18th century with works of Adam Smith when he wrote about the wealth of Nation. Different terms were used to describe the law which include restrictive practices, the law of monopolies, combination acts, and the restraint of trade. The law can be seen to have three main elements which include prohibiting agreements or practices that restricts free trade and competition between business premises, it element focuses mainly on repression of cartels. Second is the banning of abusive behaviors by firms dominating a market or anti competitive practices that may tend to lead to dominance (Bork, 126). Among the practices controlled by this are predatory pricing, tying, and refusal to deal, among others. Lastly there is the supervision of mergers and acquisition of large corporations including joint values. Transactions thought to threaten competitive process can be prohibited all together. Approved subjects to remedies for example an obligation to divest part of the merged business the merged business, that is, to offer license or access to facilities that enable other businesses to continue competing. The contents and practice of competition law varies s from one jurisdiction to another. In many countries the main objective of the law is to protect the interests of thee consumer or safeguarding the consumer welfare, and ensuring that entrepreneurs have an equal opportunity to compete in the market economy. The law is also closely related to the law of deregulation of access to the market, state aids and subsidies, privatization of state assets, and the establishment of independe nt sector regulators. In the past decades the law has been viewed as way to provision of better public services (Whish, 198). According to Robert Bork competition has been found to have created adverse effects when they reduce competition through protecting the inefficient competitor and when the cost of legal intervention is higher then the consumer benefits more. The business practices of market traders' guilds and governments have always been scrutinized and sometimes severe sanctions have been placed. Dating back from the 19th century competition law has been now embraced globally. The largest and the most influential law systems being the United States antitrust law and the European community competition law. National and regional competitions authorities across the world have formed to incorporate international support and enforcement networks (Bork, 127). In microeconomics and strategic management horizontal merger refers to a type of ownership and control. It is used by businesses as a strategy that seeks to sell a type of products in many markets or numerous markets. It is much more common compared to vertical

Psychology and Research Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Research Essay 1. There are various methods in psychological research, both qualitative and quantitative. Among them are field experiment, which is more qualitative and the statistical survey which, as the name suggests, a highly quantitative approach. Field experiment is a scientific method in research approach where the researchers (psychology-related researchers in this case) examine the participants or the data in the real world rather than doing the research in the laboratory, but all the same, the field researchers have followed the structured approach1 in research. Statistical survey, on the other hand is used to gather quantitative information on a given subject or participant in a population. It involves statistical processes in arranging data for them to be useful information to readers. It is worth noting however that a research rarely relies on a single method alone. Oftentimes, it is a combination of two or more methods to make it/the theory or contention stronger and more reliable. 2. With the psychosis studies and experiences of R.D. Lang, a psychoanalyst and a radical psychiatrist, he was able to observe his patients for real or â€Å"on field† when he developed his research regarding the subject (psychosis). It is a condition when an individual lost contact with the real world. Psychosis is best described by broad diagnostic concepts such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and that these concepts describe brain diseases that are probably inherited. The task of psychology and its related researches on the subject matter aims to identify neuropsychological abnormalities in patients, in the hope that these might provide clues about the aetiology of the presumed brain pathology. Within this method, there is little scope for psychological intervention, as it is assumed that brain diseases are unresponsive to this kind of treatment. Another psychological research is the intelligence test of Binet or the currently evolved Stanford-Binet Scale which is one of the psychologically related tests or research where statistical approach may be applied. This method was developed containing the idea of graded tests series, the concept of intelligence and the conception of the fundamental qualities of an intelligence test. It was originally composed of thirty items in increasing difficulty, with grouped testees either according to age or gender or any other classification that may be applied. 3 This is where the current IQ Tests evolved. 3. When conducting research with human participants, consent and confidentiality4 are the two very important aspects of the study. Consent of the subjects should be obtained first to let them be aware of the entire study and will let them adjust and not to feel deceived. This will also help the researchers and the participants work together in harmony and will facilitate the entire research process. Aside from these, respect is another reason why consent of the participants must be obtained first. Confidentiality, on the other hand, will secure the safety and honor of the subjects/participants and at the same time will protect the reliability and soundness of the research itself. All the ethical concerns mentioned are generally for the respect of human life, as an individual and in order for the psychology profession be respectable as well. No one can respect the profession if in return, it does not know how to value the dignity of humans in the case that the latter be a participant or a subject in a psychology-related research.

The Justice System Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Justice System Looking into criminal justice procedure, many administrations are at work. Starting with the police, to the courts and concluding in corrections. Though all these sectors have different tasks, their combined focus is processing the law. Regardless what the process is called criminal justice will continue to serve with discretion, conviction, and correction. When first presented with the question whether criminal justice is a system, non-system, and network I leaned toward a network. Throughout our discussions, lectures, and readings I felt the process presented itself as a network. Intertwined divisions working for a common goal. Further into my research and help from Webster, I decided that the criminal justice process is a system that is why it is called the criminal justice system and has been so, for many years. This system includes many networks that serve a common purpose, are dependent upon one another, and keep each other in check. Many may try to disagree as Alvine Cohn does in his introduction to Improving Management in Criminal Justice. He stated that "†¦no true system actually exists†¦(it) is a collection of disparate, fragmented services and programs, with many interrelationships, but (has) no†¦direction, philosophy, or mission"(Cohn, 7-8). This could be the farthest from the truth considering the system is always changing to better the process. This philosophy or mission that he speaks of does not have to be written on paper to exist. Though the absence of a clearly explained and comprehendible goal may result in conflict (Cohn, 9), this is inevitable when arguing two different sides. Regardless of what professionals and critics call it, it is "†¦(a) social control mechanism which†¦society calls the justice system"(Jones, 83). This system may differ from other systems, but it still includes the main characteristics of that which a system is defined. A system defined in Webster's Collegiate Dictionary is " †¦an organization forming a network especially for distributing something or serving a common purpose†¦" Using this definition we can include all arguments for the progression of criminal justice as a network since a system comprises many networks. This system has interrelated departments that look to each other to fulfill common goals of prevention and justice. Along with this common goal are common practices. The most ... .... Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY. 1983. www.m-w.com/cgi-bon/dictionary. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. March 25, 2001. Bibliography ALDER,F., MUELLER,G.O.W., LAUFER,W.S. Criminal Justice; an introduction. second edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. US. 2000 COHN, Alvin W., WARD, Benjamin. Improving Management in Criminal Justice. Sage Publications. Beverly Hills, CA. 1980. COLE, George F. The American System of Criminal Justice. Wadsworth Publishing Co, Inc. Belmont, CA. 1975. HANCOOK,Barry, SHARP,Paul. Criminal Justice in America; theory, practice, and policy. second edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2000. JACKSON, Bruce. Law and Disorder; Criminal justice in america. University of Illinois Press. US. 1984. JONES, William, Jr. Criminal Justice Administration. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY. 1983 KALINICH, KLOFAS, STOJKOVIC. The Administration and Management of Criminal Justice Organizations. Waveland Press, Inc. Prospect Heights,IL. 1994 www.albany.edu/sourcebook/. section 1. Bureau of Justice Statistics. March 25, 2001. www.m-w.com/cgi-bon/dictionary. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. March 25, 2001.

Political Economy in the Asia Pacific

The political economy of countries can be considered interdependent, as they influence each other and experience change simultaneously. This interdependency affects the level of economic wellbeing of countries, including the economic conditions and stability of a country. The political economy of a country encompasses the political, legal and economic systems influencing the country’s economy. Jevons (1880) described political economy as the wealth of a country and the reasons contributing to differences in wealth between countries (p. 7).The political system of a country heavily influences the way in which a country operates, and often affects other countries that it actively deals with. Differing legal systems, laws and regulations of countries can also impact other countries. Similarly, the economic systems and changes in a country’s economic position can impact other countries, and at times, their economic wellbeing. Whilst the political, legal and economic systems of some countries are interdependent, disruptions to interdependency must also be considered when assessing those countries’ reliance on each other.Several factors can hinder their interdependency, including comparative advantage not being followed, a strong focus on regionalism and inefficient free trade agreements. Political decisions imposed by Governments can affect the political economy and often the wellbeing of countries. Government decisions, including laws and policies, affect society as a whole (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2011, p. 236). There are two main forms of political systems: democracy and totalitarianism.Democracy is a system where the citizens govern the country through their elected representatives (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 245). Examples of democratic countries in the Asia Pacific business region include Australia and Thailand (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2008) (U. S Department of State, n. d. ). Totalitarianism refers to a system where one person or political party has control over all citizens, restricting political freedom (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 245). Totalitarianism is seen in China and North Korea (Jianming, 2010, p. 2) (Lim, 2009, p. 10-114). These differing political systems can affect economic relations between countries. An example of this is the view that democratic countries are more willing to trade and participate in international business with other democracies, than with totalitarianism countries. Democracies share similar values and laws on intellectual property rights. It is also believed that peace is more prevalent in democracies, enabling a higher ease of trade (Rosendorff, P. 2000). We see this in Australia’s preference for trade with the US rather than with China.In September 2010, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade reported that Australia had an ‘economic relationship’ (measured on trade in commodities, services and two-way investment) with the US worth over AUD$860 billion, compared to less than AUD$100 billion with China. The strength of the economic relationship between Australia and the US is believed to relate to each countries’ strong democratic values and from the US and Australia being strong allies, due to similar political practices (Sheridan, 2011). The varying political decisions and policies made by Governments can also impact other countries.With globalisation being so prominent today, the interdependency of a country’s political decisions is apparent. Globalisation dramatically increased after World War II, with many of the worlds’ major trading countries lowering trade barriers, including tariffs and quotas, after years of favoring local industries (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 38). According to Friedman (2000) globalisation is defined as ‘the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies†¦in a way that enables individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the wor ld farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before’ (p. ). This integration of economies suggests that Government decisions affect the economic wellbeing of other countries. An example of this is the recent temporary ban of live cattle exports by the Gillard Government in Australia, in response to perceived animal cruelty towards Australian cattle in Indonesian abattoirs. David Farley, CEO of the Australian Agricultural Company, Australia’s largest beef company, reported that the ban cost the company up to AUD$8 million. He also stated that Australia’s reputation in the international trading market was damaged by the temporary ban (O’Brien, 2012).The political decision to temporarily ban live exports to Indonesia caused financial loss for the Australian cattle industry and affected Australia’s political relations with Indonesia, with the Indonesian Government stopping imports of live cattle from Australia in December. Bayu Krisnamurthi, the D eputy Agriculture Minister of Indonesia, commented that Australia had discriminated against Indonesia by imposing new standards of animal welfare, as the same standards were not imposed on other countries importing live cattle.He threatened to file a claim with the World Trade Organization if discrimination occurred (Vasek & AAP, 2011). Whilst live exports to Indonesia has resumed, their imports are down by 50 percent and relations between Australia and Indonesia are affected. The incident damaged Australia’s economy and forced beef prices to rise in Indonesian markets (Nirmala, 2012). This illustrates the interdependency of Australia and Indonesia, with disruptions to trade affecting the political economy of both countries.It is evident that the political risk of Australia and Indonesia has increased. Political risk is the likelihood of political groups (Government and non-government groups) causing changes in a country’s ability to successfully participate in busines s activities, which may affect profits and goals of local and international businesses (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 266). Animals Australia and the Gillard Government both contributed to the live cattle export ban (Animals Australia, 2011), which in turn affected the profits of Australian beef companies.Businesses in the beef industry (or similar) may re-consider business dealings with Australian beef companies as they re-assess the political risk of trading with Australia. This may also result in Australia seeking markets elsewhere to sustain a profitable beef industry. As Governments implement differing political systems and decisions, other countries are affected, often in an unfavorable way. The differing legal systems between countries can impact dealings between countries and international businesses.The legal system of a country reflects the rules and laws imposed to manage society and behavior (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 253). A firm conducting business in a foreign country must ensu re the laws of the host country are followed, as well as continuing to meet the legal requirements of the home country (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 78). Four main legal systems are prominent today: common law, civil law, religious law and bureaucratic law (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Common law is present in many countries is the Asia Pacific business region, including Australia, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Malaysia.Common law is based on judges’ decisions, creating legal precedents which assist in creating new laws and making future judgments (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Civil law is a legal system based on laws that have been set in a code system. It is different to common law, as judges do not have flexibility to interpret the law as the laws are already prescribed in the code system. Civil law is currently present is Japan (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 254). Religious law, or theocratic law, is a legal system that is based on the rules of a particular religion.Reli gious law is not common in the Asia Pacific region (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Bureaucratic law is a legal system where decisions are made by the country’s bureaucrats, often without taking the laws of the country into consideration. Communism and other forms of dictatorships are regularly compared to bureaucratic law. China is an example of a country where bureaucratic law is imposed (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 81). It is apparent there are strong differences between the legal systems of countries in the Asia Pacific, which can affect businesses operating internationally.For example, in a recently merged Australian and Chinese company, King & Wood Mallesons, Stuart Fuller, the company’s chief executive, stated that China’s Ministry of Justice requirement for all lawyers to pledge allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party will not affect the company’s business dealings or clients (Sainsbury, 2012). However, this could affect lawyers who have not prev iously worked under the Chinese Communist Party, as they are pledging to uphold communist laws, which differ from Australian laws and values.This could also affect the perception of the company by international clients, whose values may differ from that of the Chinese Communist Party. Hence, it is evident that differing legal systems potentially influence operations between international businesses. New laws can also influence business dealings between countries. Indian companies have expressed concerns over the Australian carbon and mining taxes that are set to be implemented in 2012. Naveen Jindal, Indian parliamentarian and head of Jindal Steel and Power, believes the taxes will deter Indian companies from investing in Australian mining (and similar) companies.He stated, â€Å"The carbon tax is as much of a concern to Indian companies as it is to Australian companies† (Doherty & Ker, 2012). Thus tax laws in one country can also affect another country’s economy, with a potential loss of investment opportunities and profits for both parties. It can also be seen that while a law designed for one purpose (in this case, the taxes are to help stop climate change) (Clean Energy Future, 2012) it can ultimately affect another area of a country’s economy – in this case, foreign investment.There have been circumstances where legal requirements imposed for one purpose have actually been seen as an ‘excuse’ for deterring trade or investment. In 2009, the Malaysian Palm Oil Council, on behalf of the biggest palm oil producers in the world — Malaysia and Indonesia – filed a case against the European Union (EU) for introducing sustainability criteria for palm oil imports. The Council believed that the criteria was actually a barrier to the trade of biofuel, based on the EU wanting to continue support for home-grown rapeseed oil, currently subsidised by the EU (Junginger, Dam, Zarrilli, Mohamed, Marchal & Faaij, 2011, p . 028-2042). It can be recognised that the EU may have been wishing to protect the home industry and jobs, which generally results in increased costs for consumers (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 109). In disguising the true intentions of laws, a country’s trading relationships can be affected. Thus differing legal systems, laws and requirements can affect, and often hinder the progress, of international business dealings. The economic position of one country can impact other countries and international businesses.Economic systems can be described as the system by which a country organises how and what should be produced, whom to produce for and how funds should be distributed (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 203). There are three main economic systems: market economies, command economies and mixed economies. A market economy is when production activities are privately owned, and the quantity to be produced is based on supply and demand and is determined by an individual or business for profi t making purposes (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 304).In a command economy, the Government determines what goods and services are sold, the prices that items are sold for and the quantities to be produced (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 304). A mixed economy is a combination of both market and command economies, with both private and state ownership controlling the production of goods and services (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 305). It is believed that a country’s economic system directly relates to its’ economic development and wellbeing and some argue that market economies provide greater opportunities for economic development and growth, hence creating a stronger economy (Hill et al. 2011, p. 306-307). This can be seen when comparing Malaysia and Singapore as the country’s systems greatly differ. When the ASEAN and China agreement was put into effect in January 2010, the Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (ACCCIM) called for a limit of 10 percent in annual growth of the amount of imports from China. This was due to protection of Malay’s as manufacturers found it difficult to compete against cheap Chinese products (Ng, F. , 2010).This shows Malaysia’s economic system reflects command economy characteristics, as there is control over what is imported, which in turn could limit profits due to restrictions. Singapore is evidently more of a market economy. Singapore is considered a very ‘open’ country in relation to trade, therefore depending on international trade (Global Trade, 2012). The World Bank has stated that Singapore is the easiest country to conduct business with, with the openness of trade and aim to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) being contributing factors (The World Bank, 2009).Since signing a free trade agreement with the US, Singapore has imposed competition laws that restrict anti-competitive regulations. The Ministry of Trade and Industry in Singapore stated that by encouraging c ompetition, they would be able to encourage the ‘efficient functioning of the markets’. This move resulted in foreign lawyers and barristers to pursue work opportunities in Singapore (Sawyer, D. , 2006). By comparing Singapore and Malaysia, it can be viewed that market economies (such as Singapore) have greater potential for economic growth.Currency fluctuations can affect countries with interdependent economies when a change in the value of one currency affects other currencies. Indonesia’s economy was considered to be competitively growing from 1966 – 2007, based on the country’s commitment to lowering poverty through rural development and increased production in the rice industry. However, the Asian Financial Crisis from 1997-2000 caused poverty in Indonesia to rise, while GDP drastically decreased (Fatah, Othman & Abdullah, 2012, p. 291-299).The high economic growth of Asian countries directly contributed to the crisis, mainly through an increas e in investment, excess capacity, high levels of debt and increased imports. As borrowing and investments grew, companies were unable to service their debts (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 176). When the Thai Baht fell by 55 percent in 1998, other Asian currencies were deeply affected, including the Indonesian rupiah, which decreased 76 percent in 6 months. The decline of the Indonesian economy forced the Government to accept a loan of US$37 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Hill et al. , 2011, p. 177). The consequences of rapidly expanding Asian economies and the impact of decreasing currencies on each country was evident during the Asian Financial Crisis. The economic interdependency between countries had a negative impact on other economies, affecting their economic wellbeing as their economic position declined. Although the political economy of countries is generally interdependent, there are factors that deter interdependency from completely occurring. For interdepende ncy to function best, comparative advantage should be allowed to operate.David Ricardo developed the theory of comparative advantage in the 19th century and suggested that a country should produce and export goods and services that it is relatively more productive at producing than other countries, and import goods and services that are more productively made by other countries (Ricardo, 1817). Through their comparative advantage, countries benefit economically from participating in trade. This also suggests that free and open trade between countries is positive for economic progression (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 65).However, this theory is not always practised since Government political decisions can prevent its effectiveness. On 22 March, 2012 automaker Holden received a AUD$275 million government subsidy to continue to operate its Australian factories, in order to maintain jobs (Straits Times, 2012). According to Chris Berg, â€Å"Less than half of one per cent of the labour force works for the car industry and car manufacturers are not particularly central to the economic structure, cars are not†¦hard to buy from overseas and their manufacturing is not particularly high-tech† (Berg, 2012).Thus Australia is not following comparative advantage in the car manufacturing industry, with the reliance of Government subsidies helping to continue production and maintain jobs. This can be compared to Thailand, with car manufacturing production hugely increasing due to low labour costs (Bangkok Post, 2011). As export demand has increased, production has increased, with an 11 percent rise in the last year (Bangkok Post, 2012). Surapong Paisittanapong, spokesperson of the Automotive Industry Club under the Federation of Thai Industries (FTI), commented, â€Å"We're confident that total auto production this year will reach 2. million units† (Viboonchart, 2012). Perhaps Australia ought to increase its imports from Thai car manufacturers rather than providi ng subsidies to Australian companies, assuming Thai cars are cheaper than the overall cost of producing an Australian car. Although countries can be seen as interdependent, barriers are often imposed to protect local industries and jobs, discouraging the comparative advantage theory and potentially affecting economic progression and wellbeing. Another factor that contributes to countries not reaching full interdependency is the focus on regionalism.Regionalism is a method of opening trade amongst neighboring countries and is viewed positively as not only extending markets to neighboring countries, but as strengthening regional security and delaying globalisation. By forming close regional communities, countries can form trade agreements and other mechanisms that protect the region from the threats of globalisation, and still prosper economically through increased local business between countries in the region (Moshirian, 2009, p. 2-8).However, this push for regionalism may be obscur ing some Asian countries’ economy’s ability to achieve higher profits, as the countries are still heavily reliant on other countries in different regions. We see this in the ASEAN official data release 2010, which shows that Singapore still exports 27. 97 percent of its’ total exports to countries in the EU (ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF), 2010). This reliance demonstrates that partner countries are often unable to consume each other’s goods and therefore must export goods to other markets, outside of their own region.Whilst regionalism is still a form of interdependency between countries, the focus is on increasing business between neighbouring countries rather than all countries. Another exception to the interdependency of countries is when free trade agreements (FTA) are not efficient. The increase in free trade agreements since the end of the cold war across the world, predominantly in the Asia-Pacific, suggests countries depend on each otherâ€⠄¢s business for economic growth (Suominen, 2009). The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) began as a forum in 1989, before becoming a regional trade agreement (RTA) in 1993.APEC’s main goal is to establish free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific (APEC, 2012). However, trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region have favored the manufacturing sector, with low tariffs and more freedom to trade, as compared to the agriculture sector, which has seen a high degree of protectionism from Governments in order to protect industry and jobs. This suggests that APEC’s goal is not entirely being reached (Suominen, 2009). Whilst FTA’s are effective in theory, Government intervention suggests that complete free trade is not apparent, thus obstructing the interdependency of countries to a certain extent.It is evident the interdependency of countries can be attributed to the political economy, that is, the political, legal and economic systems and position, of a country. Decisions made by Governments often affect other countries, and at times have adverse implications. A country’s legal system can both restrict and open up opportunities for other countries. Growing regionalism in areas such as Asia means there are closer economic ties between countries in the immediate region. The fluctuating strength of one economy can affect its regional partners, particularly in relation to currencies and interest rates.Whilst there are clearly benefits to be gained from a strong interdependency and reliance on other countries, there are also factors that hinder complete interdependency. When countries do not follow comparative advantage, or engage in inefficient free trade agreements, some of the potential benefits of interdependency can be lost. Often governments interfere in markets for their own political, legal and economic reasons, and the perceived opportunities that should flow from regionalism and other frameworks such as FTA’ s are not realised.

Blue Tooth Technology Essay

Bluetooth is an open standard for speech and data transmission. Besides the applications for this new technology, e. g. the wireless connection between mobile station and terminal equipment, also the structure of the Bluetooth system architecture is presented. The set-up of so-called short-range ad hoc networks (piconets and scatternets) will be introduced. Bluetooth wireless technology is an open, accepted standard for wireless communication which means that Bluetooth electronic equipment can communicate as long as they are within approx. 10 meters of each other, making it possible to transfer data, speech, music or images without a physical connection. The mobile telephone manufacturer Ericsson invented Bluetooth technology, naming it after the Viking King Harald Bluetooth. Just as King Harald Bluetooth united Denmark and Norway, Bluetooth technology â€Å"unites† various types of electronic equipment to form a coherent whole. Ericsson formed the foundation for Bluetooth as early as 1994, but the standard was not ready for use until 1998. The first Bluetooth products came on the market in 2000. Today, Bluetooth technology can be found in all types of electronic equipment – including mobile phones, mobile headsets, PCs, keyboards, mouse devices, printers, GPS navigation units, video cameras and pocket PCs – and new products are emerging every day. Today, Bluetooth technology is an essential everyday tool to be found in a variety of electronic equipment. The technology makes it easy to transfer speech between a mobile phone and a headset, a mobile phone and a pocket computer or images from a digital video camera to a PC. Even though two Bluetooth units can find each other and be connected, because they both comply with the standard, it may not necessarily make sense for them to speak to each other. For instance, a Bluetooth mouse would not profit much from a connection with a digital camera, or a headset with a keyboard. The basic requirement for Bluetooth units to be able to communicate is that they are located within 10 meters of each other. That is the range of the Bluetooth radio waves – at least under the current standard. The study intents to (1) know the key features of Bluetooth technology; (2) evaluate Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and its key role in maintaining specifications of the protocol, profiles, testing and qualification, interoperability and compatibility and; (3) how Bluetooth applies to wireless technology. II. Background As Bluetooth technology becomes more common, however, we will undoubtedly see CD players that send sound to amplifiers via Bluetooth, which then transfer the sound to speakers in the same way. A Bluetooth enabled pocket computer will automatically synchronise with a company’s diary and make sure that the day’s e-mails are ready to be read on the screen. And car radios will turn the music down and transfer the speech from a mobile phone when it rings (see â€Å"Bluetooth†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. 36-38). Moreover, the Bluetooth brand is now recognized worldwide on products with short range wireless communication capabilities. The brand is a label that is not a single company technology but is shared by many members of the Bluetooth SIG. The brand is applied to devices implementing the Bluetooth technology; even if it says little about the way the technology works (see â€Å"Bluetooth†. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. 36-38). III. Discussion A. Features of Bluetooth Technology The logo for Bluetooth is based on Runes surrounding the legend of Harald Bluetooth. Bluetooth the technology is based on communications central to man’s own personal space. Fundamentally Bluetooth operates within the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band at 2. 4 GHz. It is a short-range wireless communication standard defined as cable replacement for a Personal Area Network (PAN) (see â€Å"Bluetooth†. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). Figure 1 is the Bluetooth Logo. A cable replacement standard has been defined because cables limit mobility of the consumer; they are cumbersome to carry around, are easily lost or broken. Often connectors are prone to difficult to diagnose failures; or are proprietary. To counteract these limitations Bluetooth is designed to be light and portable. It can be embedded to take the riggers of physical knocks and shocks. It includes standards and protocols to make it mobile, robust, reliable and not limited to one manufacturer (see â€Å"Bluetooth†. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). The operating band also fits the goals of Bluetooth, imposing requirements as a cable replacement. The cost needs to be comparable with cable. Reductions can be achieved by operating in the licence free 2. 4 GHz ISM band, keeping backward compatibility wherever possible lowers the cost of ownership by avoiding upgrades and having a relaxed radio specification enables single chip integrated circuit solutions. It also needs to be as reliable and resilient as cable and cope with errors and degradation caused by interference. For mobile devices it must be compact, lightweight, low power and easy to use (see â€Å"Bluetooth†. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). A. 1 Frequency Hopping We have addressed the reasons for the Bluetooth without delving into the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the technology to discover how it operates. For the majority of countries the ISM band used by Bluetooth is available from 2. 40-2. 4835 GHz, although some countries impose restrictions. In this band Bluetooth uses Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) techniques in order to improve its immunity from interference (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables†, Prentice Hall). In unrestricted countries the radios hop in pseudo random sequences around all available channels, this equates to 79 RF channels with a channel spacing of 1 MHz. Starting at a base frequency of 2402 MHz then the frequency of the channels, f, can be expressed as: f =2402 + n MHz where, n, is the channel number with an integer value in the range of 0 to 78. In restricted countries a limited frequency hopping schemes with just 23 channels is used and is catered for in the Bluetooth specification. Both hopping schemes have a 1 MHz channel spacing making it possible to design a simple radio interface whereby the baseband only has to specify a channel number and the radio multiplies this up to the appropriate frequency offset (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables†, Prentice Hall). In this FHSS scheme there are 1600 hops per second, which is a hop every 625  µs. Part of this hop timing is taken up by the guard time of 220  µs allowing the synthesizer time to settle. The frequency hopping implements time division multiplexing as shown in Figure 2. The basis of the scheme has the Master device transmitting in the first 625 us slot, k, and here the Slave receives. In the next slot k = 1 the Slave is permitted to transmit and the master listens (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables†, Prentice Hall). Figure 2: Frequency Hopping, master and slave interact on corresponding slots The radio must be able to retune and stabilise on a new frequency within tight time constraints. This is pushed further when establishing a connection; the hop rate can be shortened to every 312. 5 us. As the radios are constantly hopping to different radio channels, this ensures that packets affected by interference on one channel can be retransmitted on a different frequency channel. To further enhance resilience both ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and FEC (Forward Error Correction) form part of the specification (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables†, Prentice Hall). One drawback with the normal hop sequence is the time taken for production testing. Bluetooth ensures adequate frequency coverage with a test sequence allowing the radios to be tested at a faster rate (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables†, Prentice Hall). A. 2 The Bluetooth SIG and Specifications If the success of Bluetooth is measured by its initial interest alone then its prominence has already been assured. Before products were on sale, hundreds of companies joined the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and the Bluetooth brand became recognized worldwide. Before investigating the technology further it is appropriate to comment about the role played by the SIG, the administrative structure of which is outlined in Figure 3. With membership of the SIG nearing 2500 members it is only right to look at how the SIG works to promote, shape and define the specification and position Bluetooth in the market place. Positioning of the technology is important when you consider other wireless technologies that share the same ISM band, e. g. IEEE802. 11b, HomeRF and DECT. Differentiation is key in avoiding confusion of potential users.